citizern kane :: essays research papers

CITIZEN KANE Throughout the whole movie, the viewers got a feeling that Kane never had emotions and nothing could affect him, well this is until we learn of Rosebud. A childhood is something Kane was deprived of. When he was about 8 years old his parents sent him away to be educated and becoming something big in life, but what they did is take something away from him that no parent should take away; a childhood. Love is something that was not apparent in the opening scenes of the movie, his mother seemed so cold and stern, believing that is was in his best interests to leave home and become successful. Did this success make him a happy man, well later we learn the answer and that is no. Kane had everything a man could want in life, a wife who was not all ways loving but still there for him, an extravagant social life and last but not least billions of dollars. Kane had all this but he still never seemed to be pleased. He was demanded more and the best out of what he had. Kane had nearly fooled himself that these materialistic posesions made him happy, but what we really find out is; all he wanted was a normal life. His house was cluttered with senseless ornaments that probably mean the least to him. Kane’s amazing lifestyles with everything so big and exuberant was in a way his cure to a lonely soul. He never could determine who were his friends and who weren’t, once he dies we find out: many weren’t. If Kane had been brought up with a childhood, with the love and fun most children experience, maybe he wouldn’t have been so cold and brutal. The attraction of money wore out for him after a few years but it had already done its damage, and then we find him stuck, with nothing to do and most of all nothing that pleases him in life anymore. The key to understanding Kane was not in what he found pleasurable nor what interested him, it was his weakness. Kane always seemed tough, like he never gave a second thought about what just happened, he just did what he had to do and he did it swiftly but like all people something did affect him. Superman had Kryptonite and for Kane it was memories. Many memories that he should've had, that he missed out on.

Impact of Globalization on Indian Education

Impact of Globalization on Indian Education | | | |S. Deepalakshmi, | |hariharan. [email  protected] com | Abstract We are living in the â€Å"Era of Globalization†. Globalisation is not a synonym of Global business, but it is more than that. Globalisation poses variety of complex trends in the economic, social and cultural fabrics of all societies. We live in an intensely interdependent world in which all immense differences of culture and historical experience are compressed together in instant communication.The international transactions in services are defined as the economic output of intangible commodities that may be produced, transferred and consumed at the same time. Traditionally services are viewed as domestic activities due to direct contact between producer and consumer and government monopoly in infrastructure sector. The emerging digitization concept has altered this perception. The ascent of information and communication technology has given rise to e-commerc e, e-banking, e-learning, e-medicine and e-governance. So, it is argued that government finds it increasingly difficult to cope up with technology-driven activities.Because of that Nowadays Education has turned out to be a commodity of international trade. It is no more a public good on domestic scale, but a private good on global scale. Globalization brings education to the front lines. In the prevailing discourse, education is expected to be the major tool for incorporation into the ‘knowledge society’ and the technological economy. In this paper we are going to see the impact of globalization on knowledge, education systems, and equity policies. Key words: Globalisation, Indian Education, Knowledge, Society, Technology, Economy, Equity Policies, DigitizationIntroduction Over thousands of years, globalization has contributed to the progress of the world through travel, trade, migration, spread of cultural influences, and dissemination of knowledge and understanding. T hese global interrelations have often been very productive in the advancement of different countries. Globalization is viewed by somebody as westernization. But it is not so. The decimal system emerged and became well developed in India between the second and sixth centuries; it was used by Arab mathematicians soon thereafter.These mathematical innovations reached Europe mainly in the last quarter of the tenth century and began having an impact in the early years of the last millennium, playing an important part in the scientific revolution that helped to transform Europe. The agents of globalization are neither European nor exclusively Western, nor are they necessarily linked to Western dominance. Indeed, Europe would have been a lot poorer-economically, culturally, and scientifically- had it resisted the globalization of mathematics, science, and technology at that time. And today, the same principle applies, though in the opposite direction (from West to East).And Now, Initial en thusiasm for globalization as a beneficial set of processes has yielded to an understanding that the phenomenon is largely associated with increasing social inequality within and between countries as well as instability and conflict. So at this stage, it is necessary to find the impact of globalization on Indian Economy. Education is important not only for the full development of one’s personality, but also for the sustained growth of the nation. Education is an important investment in building human capital that is a driver for technological innovation and economic growth.It is only through improving the educational status of a society that the multi-faceted development of its people can be ensured Basically Indian Education system is composed of three components and they are Primary education, Secondary education and Higher education. Today, in the age of privatization, globalization and liberalization, India is exposed to the world in all spheres. In the present competitiv e world, expansion, excellence and inclusion are the three challenges of Indian education system. The age old system of education has to be reformed. Practical knowledge should be given more priority than heoretical knowledge. Indian Education System Indian education has its own history of development. In the earlier times, Gurukulas dominated the society, which emphasized the traditional and cultural education, which had its own restriction. But Indian education system got an impetus after the invasion of the British. Western education exerted its influence on the Indian education system, under the British rule. McCauley’s education policy is worthy of note. Scientific and technological education gained more importance than traditional and cultural education in this era.But in the post-independence period, our constitution made the education a fundamental right and enacted a law for compulsory education up to 14 years. Today higher education gives more importance to survival in this competitive world. Today is the age of privatization, globalization and liberalization. India is exposed to the world in all spheres. In the present competitive world, expansion, excellence and inclusion are the three challenges of Indian education system. The age old system of education has to be reformed. Practical knowledge should be given more priority than theoretical knowledgeImpact of Globalization on Indian Education The education in India is at a crossroads. Its liberal and secular character and content, carefully nourished during the last fifty years, despite several vicissitudes, is now undergoing fundamental transformation. Trends in Global Education which affects the quality of education ? Dilution and trivialization of the aims of education ? Fragmentation and compartmentalization of education ? Alienation of knowledge from social ethos ? Restriction of access through commercialization, privatization and competitive screening ?Parallelization or hierarchical l ayering of school systems ? Homogenization of socio- cultural diversities through increasing centralization The children of the poor and socially disadvantaged have been denied English medium school education. The rapid growth of the software development and electronic communications industries is one of the few achievements of Indian industry in post-independence India. Further, because of strong hold of the English language in MNCs and corporate circles, the divide between rural and urban is almost complete in the field of education.In consequence, this great reservoir of skills and expertise offers the opportunity to utilize them for the spread of quality education through several technologies. Impact of Globalization on Indian Education Globalization process means in the context of Higher Education as a very competitive and deregulated educational system modeled after ‘free-market’ but with more pressure on it to assure that the future workers is prepared for some f luid jobs in the ‘free-market of 21st century’.Further it means that educational system would provide the sites of struggle over the meaning and power of national identity and a national culture. Because of the commercialization, Educational sector has been more commonly described as, not service sector, but education industry. The free market philosophy has already entered the educational sphere in a big way. Commercialization of education is the order of the day. Commercial institutions offering specialized education have come up everywhere. In view of globalization, many corporate universities, both foreign and Indian, are encroaching upon our government institutions.Once these institutions turn ‘self-financing’, their prices would be benchmarked against their global counterparts, which would be affordable to the same top layer of the society. As the job markets become acutely narrow, the polarization between the elite and non-elite would be clearly disc ernible. Meanwhile, various kinds of price barriers would be imposed to prevent the entry of the non-elite like the downtrodden and poor communities. Further, Corporatisation has transformed the education sector into an enterprise for profits.Beyond a small group of elite institutions, few Indian institutions are globally accredited or recognized. Thus, the competition for a handful of elite institutions is severe. The Indian education system is not able to mobilize funds from its students at home. By some accounts, Indian students, whose fees are paid by their parents, have become a net subsidizer of British higher education; the largest number of foreign students in the US come from India, some 80,000; and there are even an estimated 5,000 Indian medical students in China.Many of the best students go abroad. Globalization has made education an extraordinary business opportunity with a great impact on employment. In the current scenario, Universities from different parts of the wor ld want to join hands with Indian Universities and be a part of India's lucrative economic strength. Partnership, Academic Exchanges, Joint Ventures, Research Collaboration, just about everything short of building a campus on Indian soil (illegal) are the ways in which Universities in the UK are seeking a stake in India.Large Industrial Organizations like Tata’s, Reliance, Essars or the Associations like CII, FICCI, SIAM   ; ACMA    start the initiatives to start Institutes of Excellence throughout India with collaborations from Institutes like Harvard School of Business, MIT in USA ; London School of Economics    There are certain advantages in Recruiting Overseas Students like students will get international exposure and they will develop skills such as talking to industry, making presentations and dealing with senior managers. Recruiting Overseas students is a way of getting financial advantage for the universities.Social Exclusion – The problems of Indian edu cation center on financing, equity and excellence. As these problems have been confounded by rapid globalization that requires only educated manpower, the traditionally excluded social groups, which are way behind the advanced groups in their access to education, are now victims of a double whammy. In fact, the introduction of ‘cost recovery’ principles that results in a hike in fees contributes to reduction in the burden of the government in financing higher education. Further, privatization of higher education makes it expensive such that it is beyond the reach of lower income groups.Inadequate income implies denial of opportunity of the benefits of higher education whereas the denial of access to higher education results in the lack of fair opportunities to improve income. The children of the poor and socially disadvantaged have been denied English medium school education. Decades of under-investment in education have created shocking shortages of buildings, laborato ries, libraries, sanitary facilities and even drinking water and sanitation facilities in the nation’s decaying education sector especially in Government Schools.The rapid growth of the software development and electronic communications industries is one of the few achievements of Indian industry in post-independence India. Further, because of strong hold of the English language in MNCs and corporate circles, the divide between rural and urban is almost complete in the field of education. In consequence, this great reservoir of skills and expertise offers the opportunity to utilize them for the spread of quality education through several technologies. Challenges posed by Globalization on Indian EducationIn the world of unequal opportunities, idea and knowledge are the emerging factors that decide development or lack of it, education cannot be left entirely to market forces. Further, market needs should be kept in view while developing the curriculum. The element of productivi ty orientation should guide the formulation of curriculum framework. It is also necessary that while deciding about the fee structure and other student levies, the tendency towards commercialization of education should be guarded against.Globalization poses challenges like †¢ Faculty Shortage †¢ Quality of education †¢ Incentive structures As the world moves on to forging an information society founded on education, India cannot remain behind as a non-competitive knowledge economy. India has to create an environment that does not produce industrial workers and labourers but fosters knowledge workers. Such people must be at the cutting edge of knowledge workers and, in turn, placing India in the vanguard in the information age.This is not to argue that the opportunities opened up by information technology are to be shunned, but to suggest its creative incorporation in the system of education. At the same time it is necessary to recognize the fact that the educational c onditions created by information technology are pregnant with the possibilities of intellectual colonization. The breaking of the geographical barriers and communication restrictions are indeed healthy attributes of knowledge dissemination, but it cannot be divorced rom the economic and political contexts of knowledge production Indian education system is one of the most tightly controlled in the world. The government regulates who you can teach, what you can teach them and what you can charge them. It also has huge regulatory bottlenecks. There are considerable entry barriers: Universities can be set up only through acts of legislation, approval procedures for starting new courses are cumbersome, syllabi revision is slow, and accreditation systems are extremely weak and arbitrary.The regulators permit relatively little autonomy for institutions and variation amongst them. The shortage of quality institutions is a product of India’s regulatory structures. Increased public inv estment that the government has promised is absolutely necessary to increase access Quotas became a symbol of the state’s power over Indian education: its propensity to hoist its own purposes upon academic institutions regardless of their impact on the quality of these institutions.Globalization requires two contradictory transformations in the state: On the one hand, successful globalization requires that the state invest heavily in increasing access to education. But in higher education, globalization also requires the state to respect the autonomy of institutions so that a diversity of experiments can find expression, so that institutions have the flexibility to do what it takes to retain talent in a globalized world and, above all, respond quickly to growing demand.Globalization demands a paradigm shift in the regulation of higher education. In India the debate has only just begun. There is a mismatch between the supply and demand. As for Indian universities they function today without even the basic minimum facilities and with teachers who have no access to the latest advances in their disciplines. These institutions churn out students who complete their education as outcastes even in their own chosen area of knowledge. What these institutions offer is unacceptable to the fast growing affluent Indian middle class.The situation is likely to aggravate in coming days with the UGC reportedly being deprived of its funding functions and the introduction of an accreditation system which would stamp many an institution as academic slums without ever the possibility of a honourable redemption. Understandably education is a fertile land for investment, particularly if it comes with a foreign tag. Conclusion The education system must ensure that students gain not just depth of knowledge in these subjects but a holistic perception and skills that will equip them to face the real world.At every stage, there must be opportunities to expand their boundaries, plat forms for collaboration and learning and recognition for those who strive to excel. Further, market needs should be kept in view while developing the curriculum. The element of productivity orientation should guide the formulation of curriculum framework. It is also necessary that while deciding about the fee structure and other student levies, the tendency towards commercialization of education should be guarded against.India should decide about the nature and extent of globalization that can be constructively introduced in their socio-economic and educational systems. While it is difficult to resist the temptation of falling in line with the international community, it is necessary that while doing so, the paramountcy of national interests should be kept in view. This is more so in the field of education, which is intimately concerned with the development of human capital. Ultimately, any hasty involvement in the global educational market can end up in harming the vital interests of students, and particularly of poor and downtrodden for generations to come.Proper regulatory mechanisms to be established to ensure that the universities, in particular the privately funded ones, do not end up exploiting students. Finally, it is about always trying to push the bar a little more, constantly innovating and never standing still. If the educational institutions believe in a value based education system, then their students will excel in all walks of life. At schools and colleges that believe in educational excellence, student enthusiasm and feedback is an important driver of change and evaluation.They create a vibrant, student community that continually innovative and excels in all spheres from academics to arts and sports. Globalization is a never ending process and Developing countries like India should utilize this properly to improve their national standard through their education system.

Maya Angelou Essay

As a woman you are created with a special gift, it’s like little extra ingredients that all women have within them. The poem â€Å"Phenomenal Woman† by Maya Angelou, she speaks about the elegance of a woman, her inner being the way she glow without saying a word Maya expressed how men are amazed by her presence â€Å"men themselves have wondered what they see in me† (line 31-32). It’s hard to put your finger on it all women were born with the power. In the poem â€Å"Still I rise† by Maya Angelou she described the struggles of life trials and tribulations you face in society and the way people may judge you. As if she was writing about a woman â€Å"does my sassiness upset you? †She also wrote in another stanza â€Å"does my sexiness upset you? †She used this comparison to show she is a sexy woman who demands respect. Maya’s attitude in this poem is portraying a confident black African American woman. She is really laughing at men challenging them. They cannot stop her from rising above all expectation. This poem gives you not only inspiration encouragement to be fearless; to the end of it all you must believe you still rise above it all. The title gives a sense of entity and power. This masterpiece the poem â€Å"phenomenal woman† has also empowered women to get more in touch with their inner beauty. Maya describes in great detail the mystery of women and the behavior of men and their reaction. It shows women to not only love your-self but to embrace every aspect of your mind, body and soul. Maya show that sexuality isn’t only related to outer beauty, or by the way you dress it more about how you feel within your own skin  she shows you instead of hating your body love it from the crown of your head to the sole of your feet. In society today women enhances their body by doing plastic surgery to feel accepted. She feels inferior clearly stating that every part of a woman is beauty. In comparisons to â€Å"Phenomenal Woman† and â€Å"Still I Rise† both poems Maya speaks about not bowing to the â€Å"oppressor†. You can feel her compassion in every word in Phenomenal Woman â€Å"now you understand why my head’s not bowed† (lines 47). Still I Rise forth stanza â€Å"with head bowed and eyes lowered?†, Within these lines she stresses that she will not conform to what society made her out to be, that she will soar above and beyond everyone expectations. The little gives a sense of entity and power. In conclusion these two poems have few similarities; Maya characterized the strength of an African American woman. By using powerful words she described the emotional aspect of inner beauty, standing proud professing no one will ever bring her down not by the color of her skin nor the fact of being a woman that there’s more within.

buy custom A Pharmacy Career essay

buy custom A Pharmacy Career essay Career research refers to the process whereby an individual gathers more information relating to the career he intends to get into. Individuals are getting more concerned about the careers they wish to pursue thus hence increasing need to learn about careers and get in depth knowledge concerning them. Through career research, an individual is able to measure his abilities and interests in relation the career he wishes to pursue (Labor, 2011). In addition, career research has led to the emergence of career professionals who specialize in advising individuals on matters relating to careers and wise career choice. Career research is vital because it gives an individual adequate information relating to a particular career. This means an individual is able to take the correct subject combination and have an over view about the benefits of the career. Pharmacy is a career that involves making medical prescriptions to individuals. This essay explicates a career research based on Pharmacy. Pharmacists are individuals who give medical prescriptions to others. They ensure that individuals get the best information on the usage of the drugs especially those sold over the counter. Pharmacists are instrumental advising patients on matters relating to the usage of drugs. These individuals advise doctors on matters relating to medical therapy to ensure that they administer the correct medication to their patients (Cullar Ginsburg, 2009). In addition, they advise patients on the best and healthy living. They ensure that individuals get the required exercises, manage stress, and acquire a better feeding habit as they take their medicine. They assist in completing third party insurance forms and other paper work needed. Pharmacists could be either community based or be employed in various health facilities. Community based Pharmacists are those who are self employed and run their own facilities. They are instrumental in offering medical prescriptions to the immediate community. They sell their medications over the counter and advice physicians at the community level on matters relating to medical therapy (Shargel, Mutnick, Souney, Swanson, 2009). They could employ assistants to assist them with their running of their pharmacies as they offer crucial advice to their clients on various matters. Those employed in health facilities offer critical advice to the medical staff on matters relating to the selection and the effect of drugs. In addition, they plan, monitor, and evaluate the drug structure in these facilities. They store their patients information in computers to ensure that the records are easily retrieved when needed for prescription purposes. This is a career with wide opportunities in the job market. A Pharmacist could be employed by a medical manufacture, to offer the required research on the ingredients contained in various drugs. They could also be employed in colleges, and other institutions of higher learning to teach those aspiring to get into the field (University, 2003). Lastly, they could be employed in health insurance firms where they are required to estimate the cost benefit analysis on various drugs. Pharmacy is an interesting ield as it involves direct interactions between the individual and the rest of society. The working environment for a pharmacist must be clean to avoid any risks of contamination of the drugs. Pharmacists are busy individuals and may be required to serve the community the entire day because health emergencies are unpredictable. One could achieve this career by developing an interest in subjects such as Mathematics, natural sciences such as Chemistry and Physics (University, 2003). In addition, one should have background knowledge in humanities and social sciences. This is the first step for one to achieve the career. The individual must consider his abilities in these subjects and should march them with his interests. Pharmacy involves many calculations thus making Mathematics one of the vital subjects for one to achieve this coveted career. The love for Chemistry and the other natural sciences would also be instrumental for one to achieve the career. One needs to know the correct measures of substances as applied in Chemistry. This will form a stepping- stone for him to get into the career and ultimately achieve it. One needs to score the best grades in all the subjects required, as this will enable him get a chance to be accommodated in the institutions offering training in the field. For a person to be t aken into the training institution, one must complete at least the two years of specific professional study in these particular subjects. Emphasis is put on the academic merit that one achieves in the course. Posting excellent results would give one an opportunity of achieving this dream career. One could achieve the career by scoring well in areas relating to the interaction with others in the society. This is achieved through the social sciences studied before getting into a professional pharmacy school (Statistics., 2011). A person should have interest in dealing with people and should have compassion dealing with individuals exposed to various conditions. An individual should have a positive mind when dealing with others. One should then make an application to the credible institutions that offer the pharmacy course. A credible institution will ensure that one achieves the best in the career and is trained using the best practices to achieve this career dream. It will also make sure that one is accepted in the market place as a qualified pharmacist. The career could be achieved by generally being excellent and giving out the best results in the required subjects that are vital in this area of study. The education that is involved at reaching the career goals is enormous. Individuals need a serious training and must undergo the necessary and required educational stage that will ultimately facilitate the achievement of their career goals. The career goals refer to the acquisition of the necessary skills that are vital in helping the entire community. One needs to take two-year compulsory training in Mathematics, natural sciences, humanities and social sciences. This initial training is vital because it sets a stepping stone for one to join the actual field of pharmacy (Shargel, Mutnick, Souney, Swanson, 2009). The skills acquired at this pre-university stage are vital because they help the individual, have background infformation on the actual requirements of the career. The pre-university level equips the individual with vital knowledge for attaining the pharmacy career goal. One is able to learn how to interact with others in the society. In addition, one is equipped with the i nitial skills that would help him start serving the community at an earlier stage into the career. The two years are a vital requirement because they generally give the individual a head start. After the successful completion of the two years of specific professional study, one is required to apply for training in a credible college or a pharmacy school. This is where the individual would acquire the necessary training and skills required in the pharmacy career. This is the stage where one is expected to graduate with a Doctor of Pharmacy degree, abbreviated as Pharm. D. This is the proof that one actually attended the training and has acquired the necessary skills and knowledge to practice as a pharmacist (Cullar Ginsburg, 2009). The degree program takes four years to complete. One must undergo the thorough for this maximum period to be assured of getting into the job market and ultimately achieving the career goals desired such as handsome pay and better service to people. One can advance to the residency programs that take one or two years. At this stage, the post-graduate pharmacists are required to come up with a research paper. Some pharmacists who run their own pharmacies can further pursue a degree in a business related field such as Bachelor of Business Administration (Labor, 2011). This will make sure that apart from offering pharmaceutical services; they could also manage their business in an organized manner and ultimately achieve their career goals. These academic stages will help in placing pharmacists in the market where they are able to achieve their various goals such as delivering the best services to people and earning the best salaries as one advances. In conclusion, career research is a vital exercise that involves learning more about a given career field. One is then able to get information regarding a particular career before making a choice to get into pharmacy. Pharmacists are experts who give individuals prescriptions regarding various drugs. They are individuals trained in the medical fields and could even offer physicians vital advice regarding medical advice. Pharmacists could employ themselves as community-based experts or could be employed as to work in health facilities. The pharmacists in all these areas offer vital individuals in their areas of work. For one to achieve the pharmacy career, he must have a passion and love for Mathematics, natural sciences such as Chemistry and Physics, humanities, and social sciences. This acts as a stepping -stone for achieving the dream of getting into the pharmacy field. Without these requirements, an individual will not achieve the career due to lack of the necessary requirements. One could achieve the goals of the career through undergoing thorough education and training. One needs to train in a credible college or pharmacy school and achieve a Doctor of Pharmacy degree. Pharmacists could also advance into the post-graduate level thus increasing the achievement of the goals. Buy custom A Pharmacy Career essay

Women in Westerns essays

Women in Westerns essays Womens roles in western movies are very diversified. Although the roles are very different from each other, they are very stereotypical. Almost all women characters in western movies play one of the following: a mother, school teacher, prostitute, or an outlaw. Through comparing three western movies, all ranging in different eras from 1932 to 1994, it is clearly shown that whether its the loving mother or town prostitute, women characters often play a minor part compared to the men, yet they are very important to the whole development of the film. Jean Aurther plays a very loving mother and wife in the 1952 film Shane. The opening scene perfectly depicts the stereotypical mother. She stands near a window washing dishes. She is watching her son play outside. A strange man rides up on his horse and begins to talk to the little boy. The woman peers out the window at the hansom mysterious man. As he catches her looking at him she quickly hides her face as if not to be seen. Her husband then comes out to talk to the stranger. The window and her face is always seen in the background as the two men talk but she often hides from the view of the window. Finally she comes outside and stands next to her husband without speaking as her husband introduces the little woman to the stranger. This opening scene depicts the woman as inferior to her husband. She is doing housework in the background and is not heard. She does not speak except for the polite invitation for dinner to the stranger. She then silently leaves the scene to go inside to finish up fixing the dinner. Jean Aurthers character as the typical wife tends to all of the household duties including all of the cooking and cleaning and takes care of the garden. She is always looking after the little boy making sure that he is not getting into any trouble. During the dinner scene the wife does all of the serving at th...

Mercury 13 - First Lady Astronaut Trainees (FLATs)

Mercury 13 - First Lady Astronaut Trainees (FLATs) In the early 1960s, when the first groups of astronauts were selected, NASA didnt think to look at the qualified female pilots who were available. Instead, the agency focused on test and fighter pilots, roles that were denied to women, no matter how well they could fly. As a consequence, the U.S. didnt fly women in space until the 1980s, while the Russians flew their first female astronaut in 1962. First Efforts That changed when Dr. William Randolph Randy Lovelace II invited pilot Geraldyn Jerrie Cobb to undergo the physical fitness testing regimen that he had helped to develop to select the original U.S. astronauts, the Mercury Seven. After becoming the first American woman to pass those tests, Jerrie Cobb and Doctor Lovelace publicly announced her test results at a 1960 conference in Stockholm and recruited more women to take the tests. Testing Women for Space Cobb and Lovelace were assisted in their efforts by Jacqueline Cochran, who was a famous American aviatrix and an old friend of Lovelaces. She even volunteered to pay for the testing expenses. By the fall of 1961, a total of 25 women, ranging in age from 23 to 41, went to the Lovelace Clinic in Albuquerque, New Mexico. They underwent four  days of testing, doing the same physical and psychological tests as the original Mercury Seven had. While some had learned of the examinations by word of mouth, many were recruited through the Ninety-Nines, a women pilots organization. A few of these pilots took additional tests. Jerrie Cobb, Rhea Hurrle, and Wally Funk went to Oklahoma City for an isolation tank test. Jerrie and Wally also experienced a high-altitude chamber test and the Martin-Baker seat ejection test. Because of other family and job commitments, not all of the women were asked to take these tests. Out of the original 25 applicants, 13 were chosen for further testing at the Naval Aviation center in Pensacola, FL. The finalists were dubbed the First Lady Astronaut Trainees, and eventually, the Mercury 13. They were: Jerrie CobbMary Wallace Wally FunkIrene LevertonMyrtle K CagleJaney Hart (now deceased)Gene Nora Stombough [Jessen]Jerri Sloan Now deceased)Rhea Hurrle [Woltman]Sarah Gorelick [Ratley]Bernice B Trimble Steadman (now deceased)Jan Dietrich (now deceased)Marion Dietrich (now deceased)Jean Hixson (now deceased) High Hopes, Dashed Expectations Expecting the next round of tests to be the first step in training which could conceivably allow them to become astronaut trainees, several of the women quit their jobs in order to be able to go. Shortly before they were scheduled to report, the women received telegrams canceling the Pensacola testing. Without an official NASA request to run the tests, the Navy would not allow the use of their facilities. Jerrie Cobb (the first woman to qualify) and Janey Hart (the forty-one-year-old mother who was also married to U.S. Senator Philip Hart of Michigan) campaigned in Washington to have the program continue. They contacted President Kennedy and vice-president Johnson. They attended hearings chaired by Representative Victor Anfuso and testified on behalf of the women. Unfortunately, Jackie Cochran, John Glenn, Scott Carpenter, and George Low all testified that including women in the Mercury Project or creating a special program for them would be a detriment to the space program. NASA was stilling requiring all astronauts to be jet test pilots and have engineering degrees. Since no women could meet these requirements due to being excluded from such service in the military, none qualified to become astronauts. The Subcommittee expressed sympathy, but did not rule on the question. Nevertheless, They Persisted and Women Went to Space Former Soviet Cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova and U.S. astronaut Cady Coleman (right), together before Colemans 2010 launch to space from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazahkstan. NASA   On June 16, 1963, Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman in space. Clare Booth Luce published an article about the Mercury 13  in Life magazine criticizing NASA for not achieving this first. Tereshkovas launch and the Luce article renewed media attention to women in space. Jerrie Cobb made another push to revive the womens testing. It failed. It took 15 years before the next U.S. women were selected to go to space, and the Soviets didnt fly another female for nearly 20 years after Tereshkovas flight. Sally Ride was the first U.S. woman astronaut. NASA In 1978, six women were chosen as astronaut candidates by NASA: Rhea Seddon, Kathryn Sullivan, Judith Resnik, Sally Ride, Anna Fisher and Shannon Lucid. On June 18, 1983, Sally Ride became the first American woman in space. On February 3, 1995, Eileen Collins became the first woman to pilot a space shuttle. At her invitation, eight of the First Lady Astronaut Trainees attended her launch. On July 23, 1999, Collins also became the first woman Shuttle Commander.   Today women routinely fly to space, fulfilling the promise of the first women to train as astronauts. As time passes, the Mercury 13 trainees are passing on, but their dream lives on in the women who live and work and space for NASA and space agencies in Russia, China, Japan, and Europe.   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Seminar Public health Unit1 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Seminar Public health Unit1 - Research Paper Example Nowadays, there are many problems arising in Public Health that needs to be addressed. Public Health developed many techniques for defining and circumscribing a governable terrain, for example in the form of reports, pictures, numbers, charts, graphs, statistics, etc. that soon later develop in the form of seminars (Rose & Miller, 1992, p. 185). Public Health is composed of Public Health workforce who is both large and diverse. The review singled out the role of chairs, leaders, local government, together with chief executives, directors of public health and others working at director level are the one who conducted Public Health Seminar to strengthen the public health function (Department of Health, 2001, p.6). WHO, other specialized agencies and the UN provide technical and consultative services in connection with UNICEF- assisted projects at the planning stage, during the implementation of the projects and in evaluation of results. Public Health Seminar (University of Dakar, Senegal). UNICEF contributed $40,000 in 1962 to public health seminars held in 1963 & 1964. A seminar on health and nutrition and education of the public was held in Congo (Brazzaville) for 67 participants from 12 countries. Ad to higher level of training concerned with production and consumption of a well-balanced food supply for the family (Cannan, 1966, p.64) The Regional Director of Public Health highlighted male health needs and that something should be done to address. This resulted first, in a day-long regional men’s health seminar held in December 1995 for health authority representatives. There was a mixed representation from authorities across the region. In order to try, to identify strategic policy development at health authority level within the West Midlands following the consultancy input, attempts were made to contact all health authorities that sent representatives to the regional seminar in 1995 (Bamford & Luck, 2000, p.